Bridgewater Says "We Are All Mercantilists Now"
GoldFix Remembers....
We Are All Mercantilists Now
Time magazine in 1965 published an article whose title quoted Milton Friedman: “We Are All Keynesians Now.” Using fiscal deficits to manage business cycles—once an unorthodox idea—had become mainstream, driving market outcomes in the decades that followed.
When society’s beliefs about the role of government shift, it affects investors. Philosophical shifts alter how people expect the government to respond to changes in economic conditions and determine to what extent policy drives economies. The rise of Keynesianism, for instance, became critical for understanding the global financial crisis and Covid shock.
For much of the post-World War II era, neoliberalism was the mainstream economic ideology. Countries lowered tariffs, integrated their economies, and specialized according to areas of comparative advantage. The US helped create global institutions, like the World Trade Organization, to enforce freer trade.
This system of global cooperation and robust institutions has been crumbling as China in particular, and other countries to varying degrees, has pushed the boundaries. With Donald Trump’s election, the postwar economic order is poised to change for good.
It will be replaced by a quasi-modern mercantilist system. The term “mercantilism,” popularized in the 18th century, was used to describe economic policies of colonial powers that focused on managing the economy to build up state power.
As engineers building our model of the global economy, this new system poses new challenges, as it’s organic and not particularly well-defined to date. Nonetheless, we think it is better to roughly model and deal with the differences than not model at all.
The four tenets of Modern Mercantilism that we have modeled at Bridgewater include:
The state has a large role in orchestrating the economy to increase national wealth and strength.
Trade balances are an important determinant of national wealth and strength, and trade deficits should be avoided.
Industrial policy is used to promote self-reliance and defense.
National corporate champions are protected.
Mercantilist ideology is contagious. The postwar system of free trade relied on America’s soft power and the general respect that many nations had for the system. But as countries defected and adopted mercantilist policies, the global system lacked sufficient authority to stop them. Each time another country adopted mercantilist policies, it pushed others to react similarly.
China turned a slow drip into a death spiral. While many countries pushed the boundaries before China did, its economic size and the effectiveness of its mercantilist policies broke the pre-existing order. Through currency management, public procurement, state subsidies, protectionism, and other implicit subsidies, China has developed a range of leading industries, including electric vehicles, solar power, and batteries.
China’s emergence as an economically powerful strategic competitor to the US worries many in the free world. It has raised concerns about supply-chain dependencies, the lack of robust manufacturing, and an ailing defense industrial base. The political and social consequences of lost domestic manufacturing jobs are leading policy makers to second-guess whether cheaper consumer goods and a more market-efficient allocation of capital are worth it. Over the past eight years, the Trump and Biden administrations have chipped away at the WTO order—putting tariffs on Chinese imports, using export controls to limit China’s access to advanced semiconductors, and pushing industrial policies like the Inflation Reduction Act and the Chips Act.
With China and the US now in the mercantilist camp, pressure is growing for Europe to follow. The Continent is torn between its commitment to WTO principles and the need to respond to competitive threats.
French President Emmanuel Macron, who’s pushing for a more independent Europe, had some sharp remarks following the US election: “The world is made up of herbivores and carnivores. If we decide to remain herbivores, then the carnivores will win and we’ll be a market for them.”
Modern mercantilism will reshape the global economic order. Government policies will reduce the competitive pressures companies face, as their survival will be a matter of national interest. Tariffs, industrial policy, and export controls will define a market for the kinds of companies the government wants to exist. The market’s role in determining companies’ success will diminish.
Countries that rely on rising, persistent trade surpluses to achieve growth are the most at risk in a mercantilist world, as the US—the world’s largest trade-deficit economy—becomes unwilling to absorb these surpluses. And retaliation to mercantilist policies is likely to extend beyond tariffs.
Countries with trade deficits will have the upper hand in trade wars because they will have more imports to tariff than their trading partners. Competing countries will likely respond with a range of measures. Retaliation could be explicit, such as China adding more companies to its Unreliable Entity List, which restricts investments in China and participation in China-related export activity. Or retaliation could be subtle, such as Europe intensifying antitrust efforts or digital service taxes that would affect large US tech companies.
Capitalists have long worried that socialism would end the Reagan-Thatcher economic system. Instead, modern mercantilism is poised to strike the final blow. We are all mercantilists now, and the implications are profound and unavoidable.
A version of Greg’s research was published in the Wall Street Journal.
GoldFix Core Analyses on Mercantilism
“Mercantilism Was Europe’s Planned Economy”
Published: February 6, 2021
Explores how mercantilism functioned as an early form of economic planning in Europe.
🔗 Read Article“Birth of the GoldFix Mercantilism Thesis”
Published: January 13, 2022
Introduces the foundational thesis on modern mercantilism's resurgence.
🔗 Read Article“Mercantilism’s Rules”
Published: July 12, 2023
Outlines the fundamental principles governing mercantilist policies.
🔗 Read Article“Trust, Mercantilism, and Why We Need Gold”
Published: March 15, 2023
Discusses the relationship between trust in economic systems, mercantilism, and the role of gold.
🔗 Read Article
Contemporary Applications and Commentary
“Michael Every Says ‘Mercantilism is Back’”
Published: May 14, 2025
Analyzes the resurgence of mercantilist policies in current global trade dynamics.
🔗 Read Article“Trump 2.0: Mercantile Trade Means Weaker USD and Stronger Gold”
Published: November 20, 2024
Examines the implications of mercantilist trade policies on currency and gold markets.
🔗 Read Article“Special: Trump's New American Empire Unfolding”
Published: January 10, 2025
Discusses the evolution of American economic policy through a mercantilist lens.
🔗 Read Article“Yellen's Disastrous China Trip”
Published: April 5, 2023
Critiques recent diplomatic engagements with China in the context of mercantilist strategies.
🔗 Read Article
1. The Shift from Neoliberalism to Mercantilism
Bridgewater:
"This system of global cooperation and robust institutions has been crumbling..."
GoldFix (March 8, 2022 – Mercantilism’s Rules):
"Mercantilism is a trade philosophy allowing global trade in a less cooperative world. It arose as nation-states formed post-Rome's fall."
Link
2. State's Role in Economic Orchestration
Bridgewater:
"The state has a large role in orchestrating the economy to increase national wealth and strength."
GoldFix (Nov 7, 2022 – Preparing for Trump: A Mercantilism Reboot):
"Mercantilism emphasizes the importance of a favorable balance of trade and strong governmental control over economic activities to increase national power."
Link
3. Trade Balances and National Strength
Bridgewater:
"Trade balances are an important determinant of national wealth and strength, and trade deficits should be avoided."
GoldFix (Feb 6, 2021 – Mercantilism Was Europe’s Planned Economy):
"Mercantilism developed in the emerging nation-states... as a set of economic tools to increase national power."
Link
4. Industrial Policy and Self-Reliance
Bridgewater:
"Industrial policy is used to promote self-reliance and defense."
GoldFix (Feb 6, 2021 – Mercantilism Was Europe’s Planned Economy):
"Mercantilism was Europe's planned economy... a set of economic tools to increase national power."
Link
5. Protection of National Corporate Champions
Bridgewater:
"National corporate champions are protected."
GoldFix (Nov 7, 2022 – Preparing for Trump: A Mercantilism Reboot):
"Mercantilism emphasizes... strong governmental control over economic activities to increase national power."
Link
6. Contagion of Mercantilist Ideology
Bridgewater:
"Each time another country adopted mercantilist policies, it pushed others to react similarly."
GoldFix (March 8, 2022 – Mercantilism’s Rules):
"Mercantilism is a trade philosophy allowing global trade in a less cooperative world."
Link
7. China's Role in Shifting the Global Order
Bridgewater:
"China turned a slow drip into a death spiral..."
GoldFix (Feb 6, 2021 – Mercantilism Was Europe’s Planned Economy):
"Mercantilism developed in the emerging nation-states... as a set of economic tools to increase national power."
Link
8. Implications for Global Economic Order
Bridgewater:
"Modern mercantilism will reshape the global economic order."
GoldFix (Nov 7, 2022 – Preparing for Trump: A Mercantilism Reboot):
"Mercantilism emphasizes... strong governmental control over economic activities to increase national power."
Link